The Genome Analyzer uses sequencing-by-synthesis chemistry, enabling a human genome to be sequenced for a greatly reduced cost. Producing over 100 times the output of other analyzers enables researchers to carry out novel genome-wide analyses such as global mapping of DNA-protein interaction, digital expression profiling, small RNA discovery and profiling, and targeted and genome-wide sequencing for discovery of novel polymorphisms. Two new Digital Gene Expression (DGE) applications use the analyzer to generate genome-wide sequencing-based expression profiles of messenger and small RNA. In these applications researchers are provided with a robust platform for novel RNA discovery, accurate quantification of low-abundance messenger RNA, and measurement of gene expression in any species without the need for prior sequence knowledge.